Vol 13 Issue 2 April 2025-June 2025

Abstract: This study explored the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) management on the professional development of public primary school teachers in Rubavu District, Rwanda. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected through questionnaires and interviews from 174 participants across eight schools representing rural, urban, and semi-urban areas. The findings, analyzed using SPSS, showed that ICT positively influences teaching by enhancing lesson delivery, promoting interactive learning, and enabling better communication and collaboration among educators. A strong correlation was found between the availability of ICT tools and professional growth (calculated value = 71.122, at a 90% significance level). Furthermore, ICT competence and training (r = 0.522, p = 0.000), as well as positive teacher attitudes toward ICT integration (r = 0.820, p = 0.000), significantly contributed to professional development. The study concludes that ICT plays a vital role in equipping teachers with modern skills through access to digital tools, internet connectivity, and ongoing training. It recommends increased investment by the Ministry of Education in ICT infrastructure and the organization of regular in-service training, along with community engagement to boost ICT access. Future research should investigate the impact of ICT on student academic performance in both public and private primary schools.

Keywords: Information, Communication Technology, Management, Public Teachers, Professional Development, Rwanda.

Title: Effects of Information and Communication Technology Management on Public Teachers’ Professional Development in Rwanda: A Case of Rubavu District

Author: Ms. Modeste Habinema, Dr. Faustin Mugiraneza

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 490-503

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 26-June-2025

Abstract: In this paper, I investigate how minimum wage policies at the state and federal level impact income inequality in the United States. Using the Gini index to measure income inequality, I find that minimum wages imposed at the federal level have no statistically significant effect on income inequality, while those imposed at the state level are expected to reduce income inequality with a high degree of statistical significance. As the minimum wage has become more viewed as a potential tool for affecting income inequality, understanding the differing effects that occur at different levels of government will become increasingly important for effective policy implementation. As federal minimum wages are inherently “one size fits all” policies, it is expected that changes to the minimum wage made at the state level will offer policy makers a greater ability to impact income inequality.

Keywords: Income inequality, minimum wage, personal income.

Title: The Minimum Wage and Income Inequality: Analysis of Effects on the State and Federal Level

Author: Brian Towell

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 487-489

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 24-June-2025

Abstract: The primary objective of this research was to investigate the influence of banking penetration on the economic empowerment of women, specifically within the context of Murang’a County, Kenya. A descriptive research design was utilized, focusing on ten women's groups in Murang’a County, which together comprised a total of 474 members. Thus, the target population for the study was 474 individuals. To ensure that all respondents were adequately represented, a quota sampling method was employed, allowing for effective representation from the ten selected groups. Participants were chosen using a simple random sampling technique, resulting in a sample size of 217 individuals. Data collection was primarily conducted through questionnaires. To validate the research methodology, a pilot study was carried out with 22 participants from a women's group in Kiambu County. The quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, employing measures such as mean and standard deviation, while inferential analysis was used to examine the relationships among the variables. The findings were presented in tables and figures. The study concluded that there exists a positive and significant relationship between banking penetration (β= 0.2150, p= 0.002) and women's economic empowerment in Kenya. The investigation concludes that enhanced banking penetration in Kenya empowers women by providing improved opportunities for saving, investing, and obtaining credit, facilitating the initiation or expansion of their enterprises, thus resulting in heightened economic autonomy and resilience. The study recommends that banks should concentrate on augmenting the network of bank branches and ATMs in these regions to facilitate convenient access to banking services for women, eliminating the need for extensive travel.

Keywords: Banking Penetration, Women Economic Empowerment, Financial Inclusion.

Title: INFLUENCE OF BANKING PENETRATION ON WOMEN ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN KENYA

Author: Beatrice Wairimu Gicheha, Dr. Jane Gakenia Njoroge

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 479-486

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 24-June-2025

Abstract: Financial inclusion is crucial for economic growth in developing countries like Kenya, as it improves access to financial services for marginalized individuals and businesses. The advent of mobile technology, particularly platforms like M-Pesa, has revolutionized financial services, making transactions, savings, and credit more accessible. This encourages users to engage with formal financial systems, enhancing their economic conditions and enabling business growth. Social networks play a key role in influencing consumer behavior, as community adoption of financial services creates urgency for others to participate. The Kenyan government supports financial inclusion through policies like the National Financial Inclusion Strategy, which includes financial literacy programs and partnerships with the private sector. As financial literacy improves, consumers better understand the benefits of financial inclusion, leading to increased confidence in using these services. Many potential users of financial services lack trust in banks due to past experiences with corruption and inefficiency, leading them to seek informal alternatives. In Kenya, geographic challenges, especially in rural areas with limited banking infrastructure, further complicate access. While mobile money has improved accessibility, some still lack reliable internet or mobile connectivity. Cultural beliefs often favor informal savings groups over formal banks, and gender norms can restrict women's financial autonomy. Additionally, the costs associated with financial services, such as transaction fees, can deter low-income individuals from participating. The complexity of financial products can also create confusion, making clear information essential to encourage engagement.

Keywords: Financial inclusion; Consumer Drivers, Consumer Barriers.

Title: FINANCIAL INCLUSION: CONSUMER DIVERS AND BARRIERS

Author: Oluoch Mariwa Francis, Dr. Fred Gichana

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 474-478

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 18-June-2025

Abstract: I highlight three enigmatic conditions of Marxism in South Africa. Firstly, the avoidance of the racialized property relations by white communists, which I argue is indicative of their unwillingness to address the sociohistorical material conditions of the black working class. Secondly, the critique of the seizure of bourgeois property by communists in South Africa suggests that they are bourgeois ideologists masquerading as Marxists-Leninists. Thirdly, historically Marxism was presented in South Africa as a racialized bourgeois science which in principle resonated with the socio-economic conditions of the black working class, while in practice it was devoted to pursuing the bourgeois interests of the white workers, the labor aristocracy. That is, it concealed itself in the pretext for a universal vision of revolutionary freedom for all the working classes of the world, except for black workers. Consequently, Marxism failed to recognize black social, economic, and political problems (our racialized experiences) as a consequence of systemic and structural injustice. This alludes to the failures in the indigenization of a Marxist project as an epistemological system with which to critique a racialized political economy that functions as a crucial ideology for the bourgeois capitalist class in South Africa. I relate these failures to the early communist anti-blackness prevalent in white-organizations like the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA), South African Labour Party (SALP) and the International Socialist League (ISL).

Keywords: Communists, Marxism, capitalist economy, racialized property relations, white supremacy, black working class, Land.

Title: Marxism: Another Racist Bourgeois Science?

Author: Bukelani Mboniswa

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 464-473

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 16-June-2025

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate Public Financial Management practices on financial sustainability of Narok County Government, Kenya. The specific objectives included testing the effect of financial planning, revenue mobilization, financial reporting, and internal control. Fiscal Sociology, Agency, Stewardship and Institutional Theories were used to anchor the study. The target population comprises 76 respondents, including Finance and Economic Development department, employees, a County Executive Committee Member in charge of Finance and Economic Planning, Chief officer for Finance and Economic Planning and eight director. For representative sampling was obtained by random stratification to include 62 participants based on established statistical methods. Data collection was by questionnaires and secondary sources. Using SPSS, data underwent descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis, adhering to ethical standards throughout the research process. The study established that financial planning. Resource mobilization, financial reporting and internal control positively and significantly influenced Financial Sustainability. The study concludes that proper financial planning assists the County in allocating resources in an effective manner making sure that money is geared towards the most needed areas like in the health, education and infrastructure sectors. Proper resource mobilization enables the County in diversifying its sources of funds minimizing dependence on one way of generating income. Effective financial reporting promotes transparency with the County’s operations making stakeholder have a clearer perspective of the County’s financial health. Proper implementation of internal control systems makes the County be transparent and accountable it its financial operations preventing fraud and misappropriation of County’s resources thus protecting the public funds. It was recommended that a complete system for managing county finances that is in line with its strategic objectives to ensure that the financial activities back long term sustainability be developed. The County should develop an all-encompassing structure for allocating resource by prioritizing resources. The study recommends that County should develop a comprehensive risk management framework to identify and mitigate financial risks within Narok County.

Keywords: Financial Sustainability, Financial Planning, Revenue Mobilization, Financial Reporting, Public Financial Management, Internal Control.

Title: PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF NAROK COUNTY GOVERNMENT, KENYA

Author: Stephen Sanoe, Dr. Salome Musau

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 448-463

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 12-June-2025

Abstract: Lending risk, the possibility of borrowers defaulting on loans, is a significant concern for financial institutions in Kenya. Financial institutions have been facing many challenges with high NPL ratios, indicating a concerning number of loan defaults. This has raised concern among different stakeholders in the sector. It’s also a concern for the CBK who is the regulator of banks in Kenya. The economy is driven by commercial banks and therefore any instability of the banking sector can lead to serious economic shock. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the effect of internet banking, credit information sharing on credit risk of selected commercial banks in Kenya. This research considered 39 Kenyan commercial banks operational from 2014-2023. Secondary data collected was summarized, coded, and tabulated using STATA 13. Random Effect Regression Model was used for estimation and findings revealed that internet banking significantly positively affected Kenyan commercial banks’ credit risk. This suggests that while credit information sharing plays an essential role in reducing credit risk, it may not substantially credit risk’s relationship with tech-driven financial services. The study concluded that while the rise of tech-driven financial services offers tremendous opportunities for increasing financial inclusion and convenience, it also presents challenges in terms of managing credit risk. Given that internet banking significantly influence credit risk, commercial banks should strengthen their risk management systems specific to digital platforms.

Keywords: Internet Banking, Credit Information Sharing, Credit Risk.

Title:  EFFECT OF INTERNET BANKING, CREDIT INFORMATION SHARING ON CREDIT RISK OF SELECTED COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA

Author:  Robert Wandu Kamau, Dr. Salome Musau

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 441-447

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 09-June-2025

Abstract: Aim: To examine the barriers to family planning in selected coastal communities in Lagos State and its implication for population control and quality of life.

Methodology: This investigation deployed a survey designed to explore the socio-cultural beliefs, economic constraints, geographic barriers and systemic healthcare weaknesses that limit people in selected coastal communities of Lagos from assessing family planning and its implication on population and quality of life. The .study aims to determine if there is a significant relationship between the socio-demographic status of the inhabitants in the study area and their level of acceptance of modern family planning methods.

Results: A total of 400 sexually active people aged between 15 - 49 years were included in the analysis across seven coastal communities in Lagas State and includes Badagry, Epe, Eti-Osa, Ojo, Ikorodu, Apapa and Amuwo-Odofin Local Government Areas. A structured questionnaire titled “Barriers to family planning” was designed to obtain data from the respondents. The data gathered was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Of the 400 respondents, 86.3% were aged between 21 and 40 years old, 62.5% were married, 54.25% were into fishing, 47.3% had incomes between 50,000 - 100,000 monthly, 54% were Christians, 44.25% had a primary school leaving certificate and 68.7% had above five children. Findings from the study reveal that over 30% of the responses shows that their religion is against the use of contraceptives with 50% accounting for the fear of side effects. Discontinued use of family planning options was commonly reported. This was associated with the side effects like increase in weight, breast enlargement, uncontrollable bleeding, feeling of weakness and dizziness.

Conclusion: This underscores the need for a holistic approach by healthcare providers to educate residents of coastal communities about the benefits and safety of family planning methods. Given the significant concerns about the fear of side effects of family planning options, this study therefore recommends improvement in access to accurate family planning information and that individuals undergo proper medication screening to determine the most suitable family planning method for their body system. This would not only help alleviate their fears but promote informed choices and enhance the acceptance and sustained use of family planning methods within coastal communities of Lagos State and the broader population. On the long run, this would support efforts to reduce unwanted pregnancies thereby contributing to improved quality of life among the residents of the coastal communities of Lagos State.

Keywords: Family Planning, Contraceptive use, Barriers, Population control, Quality of life and Coastal Communities.

Title: EXPLORING BARRIERS TO FAMILY PLANNING IN SELECTED COASTAL COMMUNITIES OF LAGOS STATE: IMPLICATIONS FOR POPULATION CONTROL AND QUALITY OF LIFE

Author: EFE GRACE OLORUNTOBA, RAPHEAL ABIODUN OLAWEPO

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 426-440

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 09-June-2025

Abstract: This investigation was focused on the interactive communication compentencies of the children with Autism. These special children use the language specifically the syntax, semantic and pragmatic in the course of conversation and other situations like games, peer group activity and solving conflicts. The relationship between interactive communication competencies and socioeconomic status of children with autism of Special Education Center of Carcar City Central Elementary School was determined through descriptive quantitative research particularly the use of Chi-square of Independence. Findings revealed that critical tabled chi-square (82.45) is greater than the computed chi-square (51.58). This implied that there was no enough evidence to show that the socioeconomic status has bearing on the children’s competencies. As the relationship between interactive communication competencies and socioeconomic status of the subjects, there was no significant relationship between under studied variables.

Keywords: Autism, Special Education, Interactive Communication, Special Learners, Descriptive Research, Carcar City, Philippines.

Title: Interactive Communication Competencies for Special Learners: Receptive Learning Activities

Author: Jean S. Dabasol, Renato A. Dabasol

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 411-425

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 04-June-2025

Abstract: This study is aimed at investigating the significant relationship between teachers’ emotional intelligence, readiness in teaching practices, and effectiveness on handling learners with difficulty in remembering, concentrating, paying attention and understanding in the selected 7 public elementary schools in the Department of Education, Division of Davao City. It employed quantitative predictive research design which describes the relationship between two or more variables. Primary data was obtained by using adapted survey questionnaires among 200 teachers. Standardized Emotional Intelligence Test and teacher readiness survey questionnaires were utilized in this study. This study utilized Mean, Standard Deviation, correlation analysis through Pearson product-moment correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Results revealed a very high level and there is strong positive correlation among the variables. In addition, emotional intelligence does not significantly influence teachers’ effectiveness while readiness in teaching practices have positive influence on teachers’ effectiveness in handling learners with learning disabilities. This further implies that while emotional intelligence may be beneficial, it is the practical readiness in teaching practices that play more a crucial role in addressing the learning needs of learners. Hence, this research recommends targeted interventions in teacher preparation programs in order to foster emotional intelligence and teaching readiness and, eventually, create a more welcoming and productive learning environment.

Keywords: emotional intelligence, teachers’ readiness, teaching practices, effectiveness, learning difficulties, inclusive education.

Title: Emotional Intelligence and Readiness in Teaching Practices as Predictors of Effectiveness in Handling Learners with Difficulty in Remembering, Concentrating, Paying Attention, and Understanding

Author: Florabel S. Besin

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 394-410

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 01-June-2025

Abstract: This literature review explores the multifaceted relationship between substance abuse and homelessness in the United States, with a focus on Los Angeles. While drug use is frequently perceived as a primary cause of homelessness, evidence suggests that economic hardship, housing unaffordability, mental illness, and systemic inequities are more significant contributing factors. A comparison between Los Angeles and West Virginia highlights how geographic differences in housing costs influence homelessness rates more than drug usage alone. The paper further investigates how the rise of fentanyl use, particularly in areas like Skid Row, intensifies the challenges faced by unhoused individuals by compounding mental health crises and impeding recovery efforts. It reviews both historical and contemporary policy approaches, noting the inefficacy of punitive drug enforcement strategies in addressing root causes. This review advocates for comprehensive, data-driven solutions that prioritize affordable housing, mental health services, and harm reduction initiatives to effectively combat the homelessness crisis.

Keywords: homelessness, unhoused, drug addiction.

Title: Addiction and Life on the Streets: Homelessness in Los Angeles within the U.S.

Author: David Jung

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 390-393

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 31-May-2025

Abstract: This concept paper proposes a career intervention for collegiate student-athletes to aid in their process of transitioning to a non-athletic career setting after their exit from their sport participation in college. It aims to address the lack of awareness of this population in terms of the transferable skills which they have learned and mastered through their sport and how these skills can be useful while they navigate the world of work. The intervention will focus on creating awareness of the skills they possess, boosting their confidence that these skills make them career-ready and employable, and introducing them to career resources and learning opportunities that can help them solidify the transferable skills that they’ve gained through their sport. The intervention will be guided by the Life Development Intervention (LDI) model by Danish, Petitpas and Hale (1993) who recognized that there are critical life events that may prompt an athlete to transition out of sports, and it is where the utilization of their transferable skills for continued growth and successful adaptation to a new setting will be relevant. They identified a three-step process in which counselors can help influence student-athletes to recognize their skills that are acquired through sports, how they are developed in the sports context, identify settings out of sport where they have utilized those same skills and how to apply them more specifically in a non-athletic career setting. The specific strategies that will be employed to attain these targets include development of self and career exploration modules, use of Transferable Skills Inventory, workshops and learning sessions, tapping of former student-athletes as resource for career talks, exposure and participation in career events in campus, introducing them to internships and volunteer work, career mentoring and career counseling. Over-all, the intervention hopes to contribute to the career-readiness and employability of collegiate student-athletes.

Keywords: student-athletes, transferable skills, career, transition, intervention.

Title: Increasing Student-Athletes’ Awareness of Transferable Skills for Transition to Non-athletic Career Settings

Author: Desiree A. Espina

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 381-389

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 30-May-2025

Abstract: This study investigates the barriers and enablers influencing the adoption of emerging technologies in public libraries across Adamawa State, Nigeria. Drawing on primary data from library professionals, the study examines institutional, technological, and human factors that facilitate or hinder technology adoption, as well as the prevalent constraints affecting implementation. The findings reveal that while awareness and perceived usefulness of emerging technologies are high, adoption is impeded by infrastructural limitations, inadequate funding, insufficient training, and organizational resistance to change. Conversely, institutional support, peer influence, and training opportunities serve as key enablers. The study recommends targeted investment in infrastructure, staff development, and policy reforms to facilitate successful digital transformation. These insights are critical for stakeholders aiming to improve service delivery and bridge the digital divide in public libraries.

Keywords: Emerging technologies, Public libraries, Technology adoption, Barriers, Adamawa State.

Title: BARRIERS AND ENABLERS OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION IN PUBLIC LIBRARIES: A STUDY OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA

Author: Jummai Ali Kwari

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 376-380

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 30-May-2025

Abstract: This study evaluates the readiness and capacity of public libraries in Adamawa State, Nigeria, for digital transformation, focusing on the awareness and preparedness of library professionals, as well as the supporting infrastructural and policy frameworks. Using a descriptive survey method, data were collected from 103 library staff members across public libraries in the state. The findings reveal that while awareness of emerging technologies is relatively high, preparedness for actual implementation remains low. Additionally, infrastructural and policy support are grossly inadequate to support sustainable digital transformation. The study concludes that significant investment in training, infrastructure, and policy reforms is essential to align public libraries with current digital demands. It recommends targeted interventions in capacity building and policy alignment to ensure readiness for digital services in rural and urban libraries alike.

Keywords: Digital Transformation, Public Libraries, Library Professionals, Infrastructure, Adamawa State.

Title: EVALUATING THE READINESS AND CAPACITY OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA

Author: Jummai Ali Kwari

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 372-375

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 30-May-2025

Abstract: Traditional Filipino delicacies face growing competition from modern food trends, particularly among young adults in university settings. Kundol tart, a locally made dessert from winter melon, may struggle to gain acceptance without understanding the sensory preferences of its target consumers. This study explores the acceptability of Kundol tart among Salettinian students by evaluating key attributes such as taste, texture, appearance, packaging, and overall appeal. The findings aim to guide local vendors and entrepreneurs in aligning traditional food offerings with the evolving preferences of university students. This study utilized a quasi-experimental design to assess the acceptability of Kundol tart among Salettinian students. A structured survey questionnaire was used to gather quantitative data on students’ perceptions of the product’s taste, mouthfeel/after taste, texture, color/appearance, uniformity in size, packaging, and purchase intent. The survey was administered to a purposively selected sample of students from the university. Prior to full distribution, the questionnaire was pilot-tested for clarity and reliability.Descriptive and inferential statistical tools such as mean, Kruskal walis, mann whitney and post hoc analysis were applied to analyze the data using SPSS. Ethical considerations, including informed consent and participant confidentiality, were strictly observed throughout the research process.

The study concluded that Kundol Tart is highly acceptable among Salettinian students, showing strong favorable ratings across sensory attributes such as taste, mouthfeel, texture, appearance, size uniformity, and packaging.

The product also demonstrated promising market potential, with students expressing willingness to repurchase and recommend it. These findings highlight Kundol Tart’s viability as a culturally inspired and market-ready product suited for young consumers. To further improve its quality and competitiveness, it is recommended to refine the tart crust for better texture and consistency, enhance browning techniques, and adjust the filling for improved mouthfeel. Additionally, the product’s packaging should be made more attractive to boost appeal, and further research is encouraged to explore broader market segmentation and related variables to support its expansion beyond the university setting.

Keywords:  Kundol Tart, Sensory Evaluation, Marketability, Acceptability of Market potential, Winter Melon.

Title: ACCEPTABILITY OF KUNDOL (WINTER MELON) TART

Author: Micko Aehrol V.Ballan, April F. Legaspi, Carmilla Joy Llena, Sharmaine Nena A. Mamuri, Jan Patrick C. Taba-O, Jhenzon A.Zarate, Ivy A. Bartido

International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 

ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online)

Vol. 13, Issue 2, April 2025 - June 2025

Page No: 339-371

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Website: www.researchpublish.com

Published Date: 26-May-2025